Explanation and Causes:

Tetanus is caused by bacterial toxins that cause severe muscle spasms. The nerves of the muscular system are the primary target. These muscle spasms can make it very difficult to swallow or even breathe. The bacteria grow and multiply the best in non-oxygen conditions such as in a deep, dirty cut or wound. These bacteria are spore-forming which means they have an egg-like structure that sit and wait to develop. These bacteria can be present for years before it presents itself.

Immunizations include the DTP shots available to children from 2 months old to six years. Regular tetanus shots are available to anyone older than six years old. If on the condition of a deep wound you have 48 hours to get the shot if it has been at least 5 years since the last shot. These bacteria can be found in animal feces or soil.

Symptoms:

Symptoms for tetanus start very slowly and gradually get worse over time. Usually symptoms appear within 14 to 20 days after infection. They include:

  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Increased blood pressure and heart rate
  • Severe muscle spasms (shoulder, neck, and back are most common)
  • The toxin the bacteria release can be deadly
  • Spasms can be so severe they can break bones including the spine

Diagnosis and Tests:

  • History and physical examination
  • Blood test to measure blood gases
  • Most lab tests are not that useful

Treatment:

Most of the time is spent in the hospital for treatment of this disease. This is so they can control fluids, cleanliness of the wound, pain, and muscle spasms. Specific antibiotics specifically designed to fight the tetanus bacterium. The best defense for anyone is prevention.

Prevention:

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